What are the fundus changes in a hypertensive?
Hypertensive retinopathy causes vascular constriction of retinal arterioles and typical fundus findings, such as blot hemorrhages, hard exudates and cotton wool spots resulting from ischemia within the nerve fiber layer.
What is Bonnet sign?
Salus’s sign (a.k.a. Bonnet’s sign or Gunn’s sign) is described as the deflection of retinal veins at the arteriovenous crossings in patients with chronic hypertension.
What is AV nicking?
Retinal arteriovenous nicking (AV nicking) is the phenomenon where the venule is compressed or decreases in its caliber at both sides of an arteriovenous crossing. Recent research suggests that retinal AVN is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases such as stroke.
Where is the nicking reason?
Arteriovenous nicking, also known as AV nicking, is the phenomenon where, on examination of the eye, a small artery (arteriole) is seen crossing a small vein (venule), which results in the compression of the vein with bulging on either side of the crossing.
How do you check AV nicking?
What to do?
- Using ophthalmoscope, find these vessels at their emergence from optic disc and follow them as far out as you can, looking for arteriovenous nicking, which is usually found within 5 disc diameters of optic disc.
- Measure blood pressure and inquire after other arteriosclerotic risk factors.
What is arteriolar reflex?
Increased arteriolar light reflex refers to an increased light reflex from the central portion of the retinal arteriolar surface (Figures 1 and 2).
What is Berlin’s edema?
Disease. Commotio retinae refers to traumatic retinopathy secondary to direct or indirect trauma to the globe. Retinopathy may be present at areas of scleral impact (coup) and or distant sites (contrecoup) including the macula. Commotio retinae in the posterior pole is also referred to as Berlin’s edema.
What is arteriolar attenuation?
Retinal arteriolar attenuation is a defining sign of hypertensive retinopathy. 14. The finding is considered an autoregulatory, physiological response to retinal artery vasospasm.
What is cherry red spot?
Cherry red spot is a significant fundoscopic finding in the macula, observed in central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and a variety of lipid storage disorders.
Why is commotio Retinae white?
Commotio Retinae or Berlin’s Oedema is grey-white discolouration of the retina due to disruption of outer segment photoreceptor layer following blunt trauma. This is caused due to contrecoup injury. Shock waves caused due to impact traverses the fluid- filled eye and then strike retina.